While there are reports of local trauma clearly contributing to the pathogenesis of pretibial myxedema, direct evidence for a similar mechanism in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) has been lacking.
It is usually located on the shins and starts as erythematous papules over the pretibial areas and may enlarge slowly. It is generally asymptomatic. The lesions are usually well-demarcated ...
The suprapatellar, pretibial and prepatellar bursae are also important structures. Anatomy of the EM is best characterised on MR (figure 1). Plain films and CT provide excellent bony detail and soft ...