Grade II lesions show retrograde flow during systole and antegrade flow during diastole. Grade III lesions have flow that is completely retrograde, regardless of cardiac contractility (Figures 1 & 2).

An increase in EDV increases the preload on the heart and, through the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart, increases the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole (stroke volume).

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Other images convey more and are harder to follow, especially those based on abstract concepts like sphericity, extension, or systole and diastole (whether as the ebb and flow of tides ...

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