Israel's air force dominated Iran's airspace and dealt a heavy blow to the country's air defenses while Iranian armed forces launched successive barrages of missiles and drones on Israeli territory.

Iran’s setbacks at the hands of Israel and the US, whose campaigns last month killed senior military commanders and largely destroyed the country’s nuclear facilities, have in recent days fuelled recriminations and rancorous debate within the Islamic republic.

Israel and Iran traded tit-for-tat attacks for 12 days in June until a US-announced ceasefire halted the fighting, but a video of a panicked crowd is unrelated to the conflict. Social media posts falsely claimed the clip showed Israelis fleeing an Iranian strike but it in fact circulated in April in reports that said the commotion was caused by a "mistaken terror attack".